{ "title": "Topic Taxonomy and Metadata to Support Renewable Energy Digitalisation", "description": "A group of experts in different renewable technologies such as photovoltaics, wind and concentrated solar power and in transversal fields such as life cycle assessment and the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities have been gathered to propose a coherent and detailed taxonomy for renewable energy-related data", "properties": { "Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply": { "Production of Electricity from Solar CSP": { "Resource": { "Land related": { "Access to network": { "description": "Grid connection feasibility and proximity.", "value": "" }, "Land use": { "description": "Land type (e.g., desert, industrial).", "value": "" }, "Ground topography": { "description": "Terrain suitability for mirror alignment.", "value": "" }, "Access to site": { "description": "Construction logistics (e.g., road access).", "value": "" }, "Shading": { "description": "Obstructions affecting solar field.", "value": "" }, "Access to water": { "description": "Water availability for cooling/cleaning.", "value": "" } }, "Renewable resource": { "Direct normal irradiation": { "description": "Primary resource for CSP systems (kWh/m²/day).", "value": "" }, "Global solar irradiation": { "description": "Total solar radiation on horizontal plane.", "value": "" }, "Diffuse solar irradiation": { "description": "Non-direct solar radiation component.", "value": "" }, "Reflected solar irradiation": { "description": "Albedo contribution to solar field.", "value": "" }, "Temperature": { "description": "Ambient and fluid temperatures (°C).", "value": "" }, "Wind speed": { "description": "Wind impact on mirror stability (m/s).", "value": "" }, "Soiling": { "description": "Dust accumulation on mirrors (%).", "value": "" } } }, "Components": { "Plant": { "Meter": { "description": "Energy production measurement.", "value": "" }, "Inverter": { "description": "Power conversion unit.", "value": "" }, "Grid": { "Cabling": { "description": "Electrical interconnection.", "value": "" }, "Protection": { "description": "Safety mechanisms.", "value": "" }, "Grounding": { "description": "Earthing system.", "value": "" } }, "Monitoring and control": { "description": "SCADA and automation systems.", "value": "" } }, "Conversion technology": { "Geometry": { "Point concentration": { "description": "Central receiver systems.", "value": "" }, "Linear concentration": { "description": "Parabolic troughs/linear Fresnel.", "value": "" } }, "Solar field": { "Mirror": { "description": "Reflectivity and curvature.", "value": "" }, "Structure": { "description": "Support framework.", "value": "" }, "Drivers": { "description": "Tracking system actuators.", "value": "" }, "Tracker": { "description": "Sun-following mechanism.", "value": "" } }, "Solar receiver": { "description": "Heat absorption unit.", "value": "" }, "Thermal vectors and storage": { "Use": { "description": "Application (e.g., steam, molten salts).", "value": "" }, "Nature": { "description": "Fluid type (e.g., synthetic oil).", "value": "" } }, "Power block": { "Cycle type": { "description": "Rankine, Brayton, etc.", "value": "" }, "Thermodynamic fluid": { "description": "Working fluid (e.g., water, CO2).", "value": "" }, "Component": { "Pre-heater": { "description": "Feedwater heating.", "value": "" }, "Evaporator": { "description": "Liquid-to-vapor phase change.", "value": "" }, "Superheater": { "description": "Steam temperature increase.", "value": "" }, "Condenser": { "description": "Vapor-to-liquid condensation.", "value": "" }, "Turbine": { "description": "Mechanical energy extraction.", "value": "" }, "Pump": { "description": "Fluid circulation.", "value": "" }, "Cooling tower": { "description": "Heat rejection system.", "value": "" }, "Control": { "description": "Operational regulation.", "value": "" } }, "Back-up (hybrid system)": { "description": "Auxiliary energy source (e.g., gas).", "value": "" } } } }, "Life cycle": { "Manufacture": { "Materials": { "description": "Raw materials (e.g., glass, steel).", "value": "" }, "Process": { "description": "Fabrication methods.", "value": "" } }, "Logistics": { "Distance": { "description": "Transport distance (km).", "value": "" }, "Transport technology": { "description": "Shipping/trucking methods.", "value": "" }, "Fill rate": { "description": "Load efficiency (%).", "value": "" } }, "Planning and Construction": { "Planning": { "Sizing": { "description": "Solar field and storage capacity.", "value": "" }, "Economic": { "description": "Financial feasibility analysis.", "value": "" } }, "Construction": { "description": "Installation timeline/phases.", "value": "" } }, "Operation and maintenance": { "Production": { "description": "Actual energy output (MWh).", "value": "" }, "Prediction": { "description": "Energy yield forecasting.", "value": "" }, "States of the systems": { "description": "Operational status.", "value": "" }, "Maintenance tickets": { "description": "Repair records.", "value": "" }, "Health and safety": { "description": "Compliance and incidents.", "value": "" } }, "Decommissioning": { "Recycling": { "description": "Material recovery rate (%).", "value": "" }, "End of life extension": { "description": "System refurbishment plans.", "value": "" } } } } }, "Metadata": { "Activity": { "Certification": { "description": "Compliance with standards (e.g., IEC, UL).", "value": "" }, "Do not do significant harm": { "description": "EU Taxonomy alignment (DNSH criteria).", "value": "" }, "Environmental impact": { "Biodiversity": { "description": "Effects on local ecosystems.", "value": "" }, "Pollution": { "description": "Emissions/waste generation.", "value": "" }, "Visual impact": { "description": "Aesthetic concerns.", "value": "" } }, "Social impact": { "description": "Community benefits/concerns.", "value": "" }, "Life cycle assessment": { "Greenhouse gas emissions": { "description": "CO2-equivalent emissions (kg/kWh).", "value": "" }, "Land use": { "description": "Land footprint (m²/GWh).", "value": "" }, "Water consumption": { "description": "Usage in operations (m³/MWh).", "value": "" }, "Mineral resource depletion": { "description": "Raw material scarcity impact.", "value": "" }, "Toxicity-related categories": { "Acidification": { "description": "SO2/NOx emissions impact.", "value": "" }, "Eutrophication": { "description": "Nutrient pollution potential.", "value": "" }, "Ionising radiation": { "description": "Nuclear material footprint.", "value": "" } } }, "Manufacturing": { "description": "Production phase documentation.", "value": "" }, "Modelling": { "Resource estimation": { "description": "Solar/wind yield models.", "value": "" }, "Uncertainty analysis": { "description": "Risk quantification methods.", "value": "" }, "Power system analysis": { "description": "Grid integration studies.", "value": "" } }, "Monitoring": { "Condition monitoring": { "description": "Real-time equipment health.", "value": "" }, "Long-term monitoring": { "description": "Performance degradation tracking.", "value": "" } }, "Reliability and testing": { "description": "Failure rates/MTBF metrics.", "value": "" }, "Tests": { "Dynamic tests": { "description": "Load variability simulations.", "value": "" }, "Fatigue tests": { "description": "Material durability under stress.", "value": "" }, "Field tests": { "description": "Real-world performance trials.", "value": "" }, "Full scale tests": { "description": "Prototype validation.", "value": "" }, "Laboratory tests": { "description": "Controlled environment experiments.", "value": "" }, "Reduced scale tests": { "Static tests": { "description": "Structural integrity checks.", "value": "" } } } }, "Instruments": { "Ceilometer": { "description": "Cloud height measurement.", "value": "" }, "Electrical measuring instruments": { "Frequency counter": { "description": "AC frequency measurement.", "value": "" }, "Multimeter": { "description": "Voltage/current/resistance.", "value": "" }, "Real and reactive power (PQ) Meter": { "description": "Active/reactive power logging.", "value": "" }, "Oscilloscope": { "description": "Waveform visualization.", "value": "" }, "Spectrum analyzer": { "description": "Frequency domain analysis.", "value": "" } }, "Imaging": { "Hyperspectral camera": { "description": "Material composition analysis.", "value": "" }, "Electron microscopy": { "description": "Microstructural imaging.", "value": "" }, "X-ray CT data": { "description": "Internal defect detection.", "value": "" }, "Optical microscopy": { "description": "Surface inspection.", "value": "" } }, "Instrument support": { "Drones": { "description": "Aerial inspections.", "value": "" }, "Satellite": { "description": "Remote sensing.", "value": "" }, "Masts": { "description": "Anemometry towers.", "value": "" }, "Moored instrument": { "description": "Offshore buoys.", "value": "" } }, "Oil sensors": { "description": "Lubrication condition monitoring.", "value": "" }, "Profilers": { "Lidars": { "description": "Wind speed/direction profiling.", "value": "" } }, "Strain gauges": { "description": "Structural stress measurement.", "value": "" }, "Solar radiation": { "Pyranometer": { "description": "Global horizontal irradiance.", "value": "" }, "Pyrheliometer": { "description": "Direct normal irradiance.", "value": "" }, "Reference cells": { "description": "PV performance calibration.", "value": "" } }, "Temperature": { "Temperature profilers": { "Rass": { "description": "Radio-acoustic sounding.", "value": "" } } }, "Ultrasonic testing": { "description": "Material flaw detection.", "value": "" }, "Vibration sensors": { "description": "Mechanical resonance tracking.", "value": "" }, "Waves sensors": { "description": "Offshore wave height/period.", "value": "" }, "Wind direction": { "Vane": { "description": "Wind orientation measurement.", "value": "" } }, "Wind speed": { "Cup": { "description": "Mechanical anemometer.", "value": "" }, "Sonic": { "description": "Ultrasonic anemometer.", "value": "" }, "Pitot": { "description": "Pressure-based anemometer.", "value": "" } } }, "Materials": { "Blades": { "Composite laminate": { "description": "Fiberglass/carbon fiber layers.", "value": "" }, "Gel coats": { "description": "Surface protective layer.", "value": "" }, "Sandwich structure": { "description": "Core material (e.g., foam, balsa).", "value": "" } }, "Towers and structures": { "Aluminum": { "description": "Lightweight structural use.", "value": "" }, "Concrete": { "description": "Onshore foundations/towers.", "value": "" }, "Polymer": { "description": "Corrosion-resistant components.", "value": "" }, "Steel": { "description": "Primary tower material.", "value": "" }, "Wood": { "description": "Sustainable alternative.", "value": "" } }, "Drivetrain": { "Aluminum": { "description": "Lightweight housings.", "value": "" }, "Cable insulation": { "description": "Electrical protection.", "value": "" }, "Cast iron": { "description": "Gearbox components.", "value": "" }, "Magnets": { "description": "Permanent magnets (e.g., NdFeB).", "value": "" }, "Steel": { "description": "Shafts/bearings.", "value": "" } }, "Electric": { "Aluminum": { "description": "Conductors/cabling.", "value": "" }, "Copper": { "description": "Windings/transformers.", "value": "" }, "Ferromagnetic core": { "description": "Transformer/generator cores.", "value": "" }, "Insulation": { "description": "Electrical isolation.", "value": "" } }, "PV cells": { "Cadmium telluride (CdTe)": { "description": "Thin-film PV material.", "value": "" }, "Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)": { "description": "Flexible thin-film PV.", "value": "" }, "Gallium arsenide (GaAs)": { "description": "High-efficiency space PV.", "value": "" }, "Perovskite": { "description": "Emerging PV technology.", "value": "" }, "Silicon Amorphous": { "description": "Non-crystalline silicon.", "value": "" }, "Silicon Crystalline": { "description": "Mono/polycrystalline silicon.", "value": "" } }, "Polymers": { "description": "Encapsulants/sealants.", "value": "" }, "Glass": { "description": "PV modules/CSP mirrors.", "value": "" }, "Mirrors CSP": { "Glass": { "description": "Reflective substrate.", "value": "" }, "Silver": { "description": "Reflective coating.", "value": "" }, "Polymer": { "description": "Protective films.", "value": "" } }, "Thermal fluid and storage CSP": { "Water": { "description": "Direct steam generation.", "value": "" }, "Thermal Oil": { "description": "Heat transfer fluid.", "value": "" }, "Molten Salts": { "description": "High-temperature storage.", "value": "" }, "Organic": { "description": "Synthetic heat transfer fluids.", "value": "" }, "Inorganic": { "description": "Non-organic HTFs.", "value": "" }, "Gas": { "description": "Supercritical CO2 systems.", "value": "" }, "Particles suspension": { "description": "Solid-particle receivers.", "value": "" } } }, "Models": { "Meteorological": { "General Circulation Model (GCM)": { "description": "Global climate simulations.", "value": "" }, "Mesoscale": { "description": "Regional weather models.", "value": "" }, "Reanalysis": { "description": "Historical climate data.", "value": "" }, "Hindcast": { "description": "Retrospective validation.", "value": "" } }, "Physical": { "description": "First-principles equations.", "value": "" }, "Multi-physics": { "Hydrodynamics": { "description": "Fluid flow interactions.", "value": "" }, "Structural dynamics": { "description": "Mechanical vibrations.", "value": "" }, "Aerodynamics": { "description": "Wind-turbine blade forces.", "value": "" }, "Control": { "description": "System regulation logic.", "value": "" }, "Mechanics": { "description": "Material stress/strain.", "value": "" }, "Hydraulics": { "description": "Fluid power systems.", "value": "" } }, "Financial models": { "description": "ROI, NPV calculations.", "value": "" }, "Electrical models": { "Power flow": { "description": "Steady-state grid analysis.", "value": "" }, "Optimal power flow": { "description": "Cost-minimized dispatch.", "value": "" }, "Small-signal method": { "description": "Stability analysis.", "value": "" }, "Dynamic models": { "description": "Time-domain simulations.", "value": "" }, "Short circuit": { "description": "Fault current analysis.", "value": "" }, "State estimation": { "description": "Grid condition inference.", "value": "" }, "Power protection analysis": { "description": "Relay coordination.", "value": "" }, "Contingency analysis": { "description": "N-1 security checks.", "value": "" }, "Harmonic": { "description": "Distortion frequency analysis.", "value": "" } }, "CSP power specific": { "Thermodynamics": { "description": "Heat engine efficiency.", "value": "" }, "Heat exchange": { "description": "Thermal transfer modeling.", "value": "" }, "Thermal model": { "description": "Storage temperature profiles.", "value": "" }, "Soiling": { "description": "Mirror reflectance loss.", "value": "" }, "Optics": { "description": "Solar concentration geometry.", "value": "" } }, "PV power specific": { "Equivalent circuits": { "description": "Diode-based PV modeling.", "value": "" }, "Irradiance": { "description": "Solar spectrum modeling.", "value": "" }, "Thermal model": { "description": "Module temperature effects.", "value": "" }, "Soiling": { "description": "Dust accumulation impact.", "value": "" } }, "Wind Power specific": { "Computational fluid dynamics": { "description": "Numerical wind flow simulation.", "value": "" }, "Experimental fluid dynamics": { "description": "Wind tunnel testing.", "value": "" }, "Wake": { "description": "Turbine-to-turbine interference.", "value": "" } } }, "Variables": { "Weather": { "Air density": { "description": "Mass per unit volume (kg/m³).", "value": "" }, "Air pressure": { "description": "Atmospheric pressure (hPa).", "value": "" }, "Heat fluxes": { "description": "Thermal energy transfer (W/m²).", "value": "" }, "Humidity": { "description": "Water vapor content (%).", "value": "" }, "Rain": { "description": "Precipitation rate (mm/h).", "value": "" }, "Sea spray": { "description": "Offshore salt deposition.", "value": "" }, "Sea surface temperature": { "description": "Offshore thermal layer (°C).", "value": "" }, "Solar irradiance": { "description": "Solar power density (W/m²).", "value": "" }, "Stability": { "description": "Atmospheric turbulence metrics.", "value": "" }, "Temperature": { "description": "Ambient/operational (°C).", "value": "" }, "Waves": { "description": "Offshore wave height/period.", "value": "" }, "Wind direction": { "description": "Wind origin (degrees).", "value": "" }, "Wind speed": { "description": "Velocity at hub height (m/s).", "value": "" } }, "Geo-spatial": { "Cadaster": { "description": "Land parcel boundaries.", "value": "" }, "Geology": { "description": "Subsurface composition.", "value": "" }, "Land use": { "description": "Current/past land utilization.", "value": "" }, "Roughness": { "description": "Surface texture (wind shear).", "value": "" }, "Sea depth": { "description": "Offshore bathymetry (m).", "value": "" }, "Sea floor": { "description": "Subsea terrain type.", "value": "" }, "Terrain orography": { "description": "Land elevation variations.", "value": "" } }, "Scada": { "Active Power": { "description": "Real power output (kW).", "value": "" }, "Available Active Power": { "description": "Theoretical max output (kW).", "value": "" }, "Blade Pitch": { "description": "Wind turbine blade angle (°).", "value": "" }, "Current": { "description": "Electrical current (A).", "value": "" }, "Curtailment": { "description": "Reduced output (kW).", "value": "" }, "Module orientation": { "description": "PV panel azimuth angle (°).", "value": "" }, "Module tilt": { "description": "PV panel inclination angle (°).", "value": "" }, "Nacelle Yaw": { "description": "Angle of the nacelle relative to the wind direction (degrees)", "value": "" }, "Reactive Power": { "description": "Reactive power output of the wind turbine (kVAR)", "value": "" }, "Rotor speed": { "description": "Rotational speed of the turbine blades (RPM)", "value": "" }, "Solar irradiance": { "description": "Solar radiation intensity (W/m²) - relevant for hybrid systems", "value": "" }, "Voltage": { "description": "Electrical voltage at the turbine terminals (V)", "value": "" }, "Wind direction at nacelle": { "description": "Wind direction measured at nacelle height (degrees)", "value": "" }, "Wind speed at nacelle": { "description": "Wind speed measured at nacelle height (m/s)", "value": "" } }, "Turbine": { "Aerodynamic": { "description": "Aerodynamic characteristics and performance data", "value": "" }, "Campbell diagram": { "description": "Vibration analysis diagram showing natural frequencies", "value": "" }, "Dynamics": { "description": "Dynamic behavior and response characteristics", "value": "" }, "Installed capacity": { "description": "Rated power capacity of the turbine (MW)", "value": "" }, "Mechanics structure": { "description": "Structural mechanical properties and design", "value": "" }, "Power curve": { "description": "Relationship between wind speed and power output", "value": "" }, "Power loss": { "description": "Energy losses in the turbine system (%)", "value": "" }, "Power production": { "description": "Actual power generation output (MWh)", "value": "" }, "Wakes": { "description": "Wake effects and turbulence characteristics", "value": "" } }, "PV_modules": { "Current-voltage (I-V) curve": { "description": "Characteristic curve showing current vs voltage relationship", "value": "" }, "Temperature": { "description": "Operating temperature of PV modules (°C)", "value": "" } }, "CSP_plant": { "Temperature": { "description": "Operating temperature of the heat transfer fluid (°C)", "value": "" }, "Pressure": { "description": "System operating pressure (bar)", "value": "" }, "Mirrors orientation": { "description": "Azimuth angle of solar mirrors (degrees)", "value": "" }, "Mirrors tilt": { "description": "Elevation angle of solar mirrors (degrees)", "value": "" } }, "Inverter": { "Rated power": { "description": "Maximum continuous output power (kW)", "value": "" }, "Rated voltage": { "description": "Nominal operating voltage (V)", "value": "" }, "Rated frequency": { "description": "Nominal operating frequency (Hz)", "value": "" }, "Filter type": { "description": "Type of output filter used (L, LC, LCL, etc.)", "value": "" }, "Filter inductance": { "description": "Inductance value of filter components (H)", "value": "" }, "Filter capacitance": { "description": "Capacitance value of filter components (F)", "value": "" } }, "Transformer": { "Rated power": { "description": "Nominal power rating (MVA)", "value": "" }, "Rated voltage High Voltage (HV)": { "description": "High voltage side rating (kV)", "value": "" }, "Rated voltage Low Voltage (LV)": { "description": "Low voltage side rating (kV)", "value": "" }, "Rated frequency": { "description": "Design frequency (Hz)", "value": "" }, "Winding connection": { "description": "Configuration (e.g., Dyn11, YNd1, etc.)", "value": "" }, "No-load losses": { "description": "Core losses at no-load condition (W)", "value": "" }, "Copper losses": { "description": "Winding resistance losses at full load (W)", "value": "" }, "Short circuit impedance": { "description": "Impedance at short-circuit condition (%)", "value": "" } }, "Controls": { "Type": { "description": "Control system architecture and type", "value": "" }, "Gains": { "description": "Controller gain parameters", "value": "" }, "Filter constants": { "description": "Filter time constants and parameters", "value": "" } } }, "External_conditions": { "Offshore": { "description": "Offshore wind farm conditions (true/false)", "value": "" }, "Onshore": { "description": "Onshore wind farm conditions (true/false)", "value": "" }, "Coastal onshore": { "description": "Coastal land-based location (true/false)", "value": "" }, "Coastal offshore": { "description": "Near-coast offshore location (true/false)", "value": "" }, "Terrain_type": { "Complex": { "description": "Complex terrain with significant elevation changes", "value": "" }, "Flat": { "description": "Flat terrain with minimal elevation changes", "value": "" }, "Forest": { "description": "Forested area with tree coverage", "value": "" }, "Rural": { "description": "Open rural landscape", "value": "" }, "Semi-Urban": { "description": "Suburban or partially developed area", "value": "" }, "Urban": { "description": "Urban or densely built environment", "value": "" } }, "Geographical_location": { "Coordinates": { "description": "Latitude and longitude of the site", "value": "" }, "Administrative_boundaries": { "description": "Political/administrative region information", "value": "" } } } } } }